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Soviet parallel cinema

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</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Soviet parallel cinema</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years</th><td class="infobox-data">1970–1990</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Key Locations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, <a href="Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founders</th><td class="infobox-data">Evgenii Iufit, Boris Yukhananov, Gleb Aleinikov, Igor Aleinikov</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Famous Publications</th><td class="infobox-data">Cine-Fantom</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ideologies</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Social_Realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Social Realism">Social Realism</a> and Necro-realism</td></tr></tbody></table>

Soviet parallel cinema is a genre of film and underground cinematic movement that occurred in the <a href="Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> in the 1970s onwards. The term parallel cinema (known in <a href="Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> as параллельное кино, parallel'noe kino) was first associated with the <a href="Samizdat" title="Samizdat">samizdat</a> films made out of the official Soviet state system.<a href="#cite_note-auto8-1">[1]</a> Films from the parallel movement are considered to be <a href="Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">avant-garde</a>, non-conventionalist and <a href="Cinematography" title="Cinematography">cinematographically</a> subversive.

The two main groups and founders of the parallel cinema movement are <a href="Yevgeny_Yufit" title="Yevgeny Yufit">Evgenii Iufit</a> and the <a href="Necrorealism" title="Necrorealism">Necrorealists</a> in <a href="Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Leningrad</a> (now known as Saint Petersburg), and the circle of Aleinikov brothers in <a href="Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto4-2">[2]</a> These two groups achieved phenomenal fame in Russia in the 1980s – and during the <a href="Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> – for their involvement in the parallel cinema movement and "late socialism".<a href="#cite_note-auto8-1">[1]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin">Origin</h3></div>

Soviet parallel cinema is an offshoot of the film movement that overrun the 1960s and 1970s in India called New Indian Cinema – alternatively known as Indian New Wave or <a href="Parallel_cinema" title="Parallel cinema">parallel cinema</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto4-2">[2]</a> Similarly to its Soviet counterpart, it maintained a focus on offbeat productions that dealt with real world representations of society including socio-cultural and political contexts.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> It was strongly espoused by the themes, methods and workings of <a href="Neorealism_(art)" title="Neorealism (art)">Neorealism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto-3">[3]</a>

The introduction of parallel cinema is derived from amateur film studios and workshops that were prevalent in Soviet culture at the time. During 1957, the Soviet state system formed a funding to provide support for professional filmmakers and subsequently for amateur film workshops.<a href="#cite_note-auto4-2">[2]</a> This enforced the states regulation and control on ideological distribution on the industry.<a href="#cite_note-auto11-5">[5]</a> The Soviet state established two systems for filmmaking: the first controlled professional cinema or <a href="State_Committee_for_Cinematography" title="State Committee for Cinematography">State Committee for Cinematography</a> called Goskino, and amateur film studios.<a href="#cite_note-auto11-5">[5]</a> Films produced outside of these official systems are classified in the world of "parallel cinema". The films produced in this era were out of the state's control and as such, prohibited.<a href="#cite_note-auto4-2">[2]</a> Parallel cinematographers, such as <a href="Yevgeny_Yufit" title="Yevgeny Yufit">Evgenii Iufit</a> and the Aleinikov Brothers, utilised the studio facilities of amateur film clubs and workshops to produce their films. The Leningrad amateur film club - used by <a href="Yevgeny_Yufit" title="Yevgeny Yufit">Evgenii Iufit</a> and more – still exists under the name the St. Petersburg Club of Film and Video Amateurs.<a href="#cite_note-auto11-5">[5]</a> As the political controls diminished in the 1980s with the shifts of power, the amateur film workshops were overrun with parallel cinema production.<a href="#cite_note-auto11-5">[5]</a> The parallel movement marks the first large influx of creative expression in Soviet culture since post-Russian Revolution in the 1920s.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3></div>

Films of the Soviet parallel cinema movement is classified under the umbrella of renegade self-published art and literature of the Soviet State called <a href="Samizdat" title="Samizdat">samizdat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto8-1">[1]</a> Samizdat was deemed forbidden and unavailable for distribution due to is rebellious ideals and alternative ideologies to the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-auto8-1">[1]</a> All forms of samizdat displayed defiance to the government-regulated distributed content as it embodied political opposition and an open discourse that aimed to deconstruct the Soviet Empire.<a href="#cite_note-auto5-7">[7]</a> In the term's broadness, parallel cinema, or parallel'noe kino, is also described as cinematic samizdat.<a href="#cite_note-auto5-7">[7]</a>

The parallel cinema movement in Soviet states was accompanied by the introduction of a samizdat cinematic journal called <a href="Cine_Fantom" title="Cine Fantom">Cine-Fantom</a>. Cine-Fantom was founded by Gleb Aleinikov and Igor Aleinikov (known as Aleinikov brothers) in the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-auto9-8">[8]</a> Cine-Fantom has since stood as a film festival, meeting house and currently as a theatre.<a href="#cite_note-auto7-9">[9]</a> The Cine-Fantom was a hand-made art journal that was devoted to the publishing the issues and developments of cinema – particularly in relation to parallel cinema.<a href="#cite_note-auto14-10">[10]</a> The journal was originally created and published only for friends of the two brothers, however, it gained popularity in the latter part of the 1980s circulating widely across Russia. It became well known for its trademark blue cover.<a href="#cite_note-auto14-10">[10]</a> The journal was the first to establish the changes in Soviet cinema with the term "parallel cinema" as it appeared in an issue having been taken from the encyclopedia.<a href="#cite_note-auto14-10">[10]</a> During the Soviet Parallel cinema movement, filmmakers began producing films independent from the official Soviet production system. Hence, Cine-Fantom was a centre-point for these filmmakers and the <a href="Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">avant-garde</a> film industry.

While the state defined production of art was ground on the doctrine of <a href="Social_realism" title="Social realism">social-realism</a>, the parallel cinema movement challenged the construction with a <a href="Subversion" title="Subversion">subversive</a> potency. The two most infamous groups and founders of the parallel cinema movement are Evgenii Iufit and the Necrorealists in Leningrad, and the circle of Aleinikov brothers in Moscow.<a href="#cite_note-auto11-5">[5]</a> Evgenii Iufit founded the cult sub-genre called necrorealism, that was adopted by followers of the movement throughout Leningrad. Necrorealism is understood as parody of social-realism.<a href="#cite_note-auto13-11">[11]</a> Through the wordplay and pun, the term implies that the reality of the regime was death.<a href="#cite_note-auto11-5">[5]</a> This term also signalled the anticipation to the end of the radicalism <a href="Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="Russian Social Democratic Labour Party">Russian Social Democratic Labor Party</a>, or the Bolsheviks.<a href="#cite_note-auto13-11">[11]</a> Films adopting this ideology primarily focus on dark themes, <a href="Black_comedy" title="Black comedy">black humour</a>, <a href="Monochrome" title="Monochrome">monochromatic</a> images and notions of <a href="Absurdism" title="Absurdism">the absurd</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto13-11">[11]</a> The necrorealists focused on challenging the ways death was represented throughout Soviet culture, specifically through the taboo aspects such as extreme violence, suicide or body decomposition.<a href="#cite_note-auto13-11">[11]</a> At the time, Leningrad hosted a multitude of underground groups with the necrorealists being the most infamous and prevalent.<a href="#cite_note-auto11-5">[5]</a> The necrorealists were established outside the amateur film movement, however, were not completely detached from it as individual filmmakers created their films at trade union studios and Leningrad amateur film club.<a href="#cite_note-auto11-5">[5]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_significance">Historical significance</h2></div>

In the early 1980s and prior, official filmmaking was under the control of the Soviet regime while the parallel cinema world remained underground. <a href="State_Committee_for_Cinematography" title="State Committee for Cinematography">Goskino</a> – the state studio – monopolised the control, regulation and censorship on the industry and film production.<a href="#cite_note-auto9-8">[8]</a> This committee were culminated to deem what images were appropriate and acceptable for the people in terms of political and social ideologies.<a href="#cite_note-auto14-10">[10]</a> As such, at this stage Soviet parallel cinema remained an unofficial and underground renegade film club that challenged the constraints of the official system.

Soviet parallel cinema emerged from underground to the surface naturally during the shift in political power and historical changes – specifically during <a href="Perestroika" title="Perestroika">perestroika</a> in the mid-1980s.<a href="#cite_note-auto14-10">[10]</a> The reforms of this program allowed the compression of artistic expression to lessen and the underground to surface.<a href="#cite_note-auto14-10">[10]</a> Furthermore, the political shifts rendered state bureaucracy inefficient to control the mass of institutions and enforce policies.<a href="#cite_note-auto11-5">[5]</a> The leniency in the states control fostered the movement of the underground world of parallel cinema into openness. In this time, the control of enforcers such as the KGB diluted and as such, trends in culture and art emerged.<a href="#cite_note-auto14-10">[10]</a> Parallel cinema quickly became the forefront of cinematic production. As well as this, the Gorbachev era marks a shift in the nature of the movement. Prior to the reform, the artists were suppressed, fighting and dissenting in the form of Soviet parallel film. The lessened control allowed the movement to shift from a rebellion to independent filmmaking.<a href="#cite_note-auto8-1">[1]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Key_figures">Key figures</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evgenii_Iufit">Evgenii Iufit</h3></div>

<a href="Yevgeny_Yufit" title="Yevgeny Yufit">Evgenii Iufit</a> (also transliterated as Yevgeny Yufit) was a Russian artist and filmmaker known for founding <a href="Necrorealism" title="Necrorealism">necrorealism</a> – a driving ideology of parallel cinema.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> He was born in 1961 in Saint Petersburg and stated his career in the film industry by the early 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-:0-13">[13]</a> He died on 13 December 2016.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Iufit developed his interest in art and cinema as a student at the <a href="Saint_Petersburg_State_Institute_of_Technology" title="Saint Petersburg State Institute of Technology">Leningrad technical institute</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto12-15">[15]</a> Due to the overarching control by the state's cinema organisation, <a href="State_Committee_for_Cinematography" title="State Committee for Cinematography">Goskino</a>, he founded the alternative style of necro-realism in the underground movement.<a href="#cite_note-auto12-15">[15]</a> Iufit's scope of art included paintings, photography and films.

Iufit's avant-garde parallel films are thematically characterised by <a href="Homoeroticism" title="Homoeroticism">homoeroticism</a> and the hybridisation of black humour and <a href="Slapstick" title="Slapstick">slapstick</a> comedy.<a href="#cite_note-auto12-15">[15]</a> In early 1986 – the beginning of perestroika – he founded the first independent <a href="Art_film" title="Art film">art-house film</a> studios in Soviet Russia called "The Mzhalala Film".<a href="#cite_note-:0-13">[13]</a> The production company focussed on the production of experimental shorts from artists, writers and directors that practiced the radical aesthetics of parallel cinema.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> His films include Sawyer (1984), Spring (1987), Courage (1988), and Boar Suicide (1988).<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gleb_Aleinikov_and_Igor_Aleinikov">Gleb Aleinikov and Igor Aleinikov</h3></div>

Gleb Aleinikov and younger brother Igor Aleinikov (known as Aleinikov brothers) are renowned Russian screenwriters, film directors and film theorists.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Alongside Evgenii Iufit, the brothers are founders and prolific figures of the parallel cinema movement in the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-auto3-19">[19]</a> Prior to their shift into the film industry, Gleb Aleinikov completed his studies at the Moscow Institute of Construction Engineering in 1988 and Igor at the Moscow Institute of Engineering and Physics in 1984.<a href="#cite_note-auto3-19">[19]</a> During this period of study, the brothers founded, promoted and developed the underground Parallel cinema movement.<a href="#cite_note-auto3-19">[19]</a>

In the mid-1980s, alongside Boris Yukhananov, the brothers formed the cinematic samizdat, Cine-Fantom, and acted as primary editors from 1985 to 1990.<a href="#cite_note-auto11-5">[5]</a> The Aleinikov brothers' films are subversive and provocative – as per the nature of the parallel movement – as a means of attacking the constraints of the mainstream state-run Soviet system.<a href="#cite_note-auto3-19">[19]</a> Igor Aleinikov died in a plane crash in March 1994. After his death, Gleb Aleinikov published his late brothers' diaries in 1999 which consisted of film ideas, plans, and anecdotes of the underground movement.<a href="#cite_note-auto7-9">[9]</a> Gleb Aleinikov currently runs the second largest TV station in Russian.<a href="#cite_note-auto7-9">[9]</a>

Some of their films include The Cruel Illness of Males (1987), Awaiting de Bil (1990), <a href="Tractor_Drivers_2" title="Tractor Drivers 2">Tractor Drivers II</a> (1992) – which was their only feature-length film – M.E (1986), Tractors (1987) and Boris and Gleb (1988).

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Boris_Yukhananov">Boris Yukhananov</h3></div>

<a href="Boris_Yukhananov" title="Boris Yukhananov">Boris Yukhananov</a> is a prominent Russian director, educator and theorist most well known as a founding figure and strong contributor to the Soviet Parallel cinema movement.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-20">[20]</a> He contributed a broad range of art – including cinema, photography, theatre and written. Alongside the Brothers Aleinikov, Yukhananov stood outside the constraints of Soviet forces contributing greatly to the samizdat Cine-Fantom.<a href="#cite_note-auto8-1">[1]</a> He joined the Cine-Fantom on the editorial board as well as writing theoretical articles about video and art.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a>

In 1986 he formed the very popular video novel The Mad Prince.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a>The Mad Prince was a cycle of films shot with the sole known VHS camera in Moscow and Leningrad.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> From the material, five one-hour long films have been edited.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> This is a key collection of films that embodied the notions of the parallel cinema movement. Yukhanov's films are immersed in the context of the renegade "youth culture" that developed throughout the underground at the time.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-20">[20]</a> Through The Mad Prince, Yukhananov innovated fatal editing. This concept of fatal editing (known as fatal'nyi montazh) was highly used in the production of parallel films throughout the era.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> This is a montage technique that irreversibly replaced old shots with new ones due to the functions of video cameras.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_notable_films">List of notable films</h2></div>

<ul><li>The Mad Prince (1986)</li>

<li>Sawyer (1984)</li>

<li>Metastases (1984)</li>

<li>A Revolutionary Sketch (1987)</li>

<li>Tractors (1987)</li>

<li>I'm Cold, So What?/ I'm Frigid but it Doesn't Matter (1987)</li>

<li>The Severe Illness of Men (1987)</li>

<li>Supporter of Olf (1987)</li>

<li>Spring (1987)</li>

<li>Boris and Gleb (1988)</li>

<li>Courage (1988)</li>

<li>Boar Suicide (1988)</li>

<li>Dreams (1988)</li>

<li>Postpolitical Cinema (1988)</li>

<li>Someone Has Been Here (1989)</li>

<li>War and Peace (1989)</li>

<li>Awaiting de Bil (1990)</li>

<li><a href="Tractor_Drivers_2" title="Tractor Drivers 2">Tractor Drivers II</a> (1992)</li>

<li>The Wooden Room (1995)</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Identifying_characteristics">Identifying characteristics</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cinematography">Cinematography</h3></div>

The parallel movement directed filmmakers into a regressive and rebellious mode of cinematography that refuted traditional conventions. After the long run of conservatism as a result of <a href="Social_realism" title="Social realism">social realism</a>, parallel films marked a shift into the more experimental and free stylistic filmmaking, much like films post-<a href="Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> in the 1920s.<a href="#cite_note-auto7-9">[9]</a> Due to the lack of money and underground nature of the production, filmmakers improvised by using crude equipment and the expression of the physical human body to create meaning in their films.<a href="#cite_note-auto12-15">[15]</a> They produced cheap 8mm and 16mm shorts that were in violation of the technical standards and rules of cinematic narration permitted by the government regime.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> The unity in their means and motivations formed this new genre and age in Soviet film.

Films of this era exhibit experimental and obscure forms of <a href="Montage_(filmmaking)" title="Montage (filmmaking)">montage</a> that do not abide by the state-approved regulations that were placed on all aspects of filmmaking. In official <a href="State_Committee_for_Cinematography" title="State Committee for Cinematography">Goskino</a> productions, montage was replaced by a representational style that adhered to the official Soviet policy that artistic quality is derived from its content.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> While bureaucratic pressure drove out experimental montage style, parallel filmmakers re-adopted autonomous and rebelliousness. The films of this movement had a primitive, low-budget style that acted as a documentation of times rather than a <a href="Narrative_film" title="Narrative film">narrative film</a>. They feature sporadic cuts, non-linearity, lack of narrative and Boris Yukhananov's fatal editing.<a href="#cite_note-auto10-29">[29]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Themes_and_motifs">Themes and motifs</h3></div>

There is no singular overarching theme to parallel cinema other than they embody the notions of <a href="Anti-establishment" title="Anti-establishment">anti-establishment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto7-9">[9]</a> The genre was defined by the stark <a href="Subversion" title="Subversion">subversion</a> from the Russian films of the state-approved socialist realism imagery. Through the <a href="Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">collapse of the Soviet Union</a> and the threat of authority – such as the <a href="KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a> – diminished, the filmmakers unleashed the repressed creativity resulting in films depicting alcohol, profanity, violence and surrealism.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> In their rebellion, filmmakers of the time aimed to depict the harsh truth of the Soviet lifestyle, social landscape and political context.<a href="#cite_note-auto6-31">[31]</a> The directors and films of the times were united by the sense of aesthetic revenge that overpowered the movements productions.<a href="#cite_note-auto6-31">[31]</a>

Soviet parallel films explore notions of sexuality, parody, death and anti-<a href="Utopia" title="Utopia">utopia</a> in the perestroika era.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> As filmmakers worked underground and skirted around existing Soviet regulation or censorship, their films included social satire, cynical commentary on Soviet life and fantasy elements.<a href="#cite_note-auto10-29">[29]</a> The depiction of such things was an implicit affront to state-approved imagery and Soviet conventions. Film of the era are categorised as dark, profane and confronting – commonly compared to those of <a href="Film_noir" title="Film noir">film noir</a>. The films derived from the parallel cinema era embody the Russian concept of "chernukha" (roughly "black stuff"). Chernukha is a perestroika phenomenon of the late 1980s that describe the tendency toward unrelenting pessimism in arts and mass media.<a href="#cite_note-auto2-33">[33]</a> Through vivid depictions of prostitutes and gangsters, this film ideology represented graphic violence and misery in Soviet life.<a href="#cite_note-auto2-33">[33]</a> While the motif of death and destruction carried throughout the movement, the necro-realist Parallel filmmakers – such as Evgenii Iufit – particularly focussed on exploring the <a href="Liminality" title="Liminality">liminal</a> state between life and death.<a href="#cite_note-auto12-15">[15]</a> The films featured <a href="Apocalypticism" title="Apocalypticism">apocalyptic</a> landscapes with zombies committing excessive cruelty, murder, sex and homosexual violence.<a href="#cite_note-auto12-15">[15]</a> <a href="Homoeroticism" title="Homoeroticism">Homoeroticism</a> played a large role in the films produced.<a href="#cite_note-auto13-11">[11]</a> As well as this, many films featured a <a href="Dystopia" title="Dystopia">dystopian</a> world of un-human creatures committing heinous acts as a means of showing a Soviet reality.<a href="#cite_note-auto2-33">[33]</a>

<ul><li><a href="Cinema_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Cinema of the Soviet Union">Cinema of the Soviet Union</a></li>

<li><a href="Parallel_cinema" title="Parallel cinema">Parallel cinema</a></li>

<li><a href="Film_genre" title="Film genre">Film genre</a></li>

<li><a href="Dissolution_of_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissolution of Soviet Union">Dissolution of Soviet Union</a></li>

<li><a href="Yevgeny_Yufit" title="Yevgeny Yufit">Yevgenii Yufit</a></li>

<li><a href="Boris_Yukhananov" title="Boris Yukhananov">Boris Yukhananov</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_realism" title="Social realism">Social realism</a></li>

<li><a href="Perestroika" title="Perestroika">Perestroika</a></li>

<li><a href="Samizdat" title="Samizdat">Samizdat</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-auto2-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_33-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_33-2">c</a> <cite id="CITEREFIsakavaBeumers2017" class="citation cs2">Isakava, Volha; Beumers, Birgit (22 November 2017), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315559278-10">"Reality excess"</a>, Ruptures and Continuities in Soviet/Russian Cinema, Routledge, pp. 147–165, <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315559278-10">10.4324/9781315559278-10</a>, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-315-55927-8</bdi>, retrieved 31 May 2021</cite>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div>

<ol><li>ACLA. 2021. New Perspectives on the Indian New Wave: Fifty Years On. https://www.acla.org/new-perspectives-indian-new-wave-fifty-years-i.</li>

<li>Art Forum. 2016. Eugene Yufit (1961–2016) . https://www.artforum.com/news/eugene-yufit-1961-2016-65640.</li>

<li>Berry, Ellen E., and Anesa Miller-Pogacar. 1996. "A Shock Therapy of the Social Consciousness: The Nature and Cultural Function of Russian Necrorealism." Cultural Critique (University of Minnesota Press) 34: 185–203.</li>

<li>Beumers, Brigit, and Eugénie Zvonkine. 2017. "Introduction: Re-construction, or perestroika Re-visioning, re-making, re-framing." In Ruptures and Continuities in Soviet/Russian Cinema, by Brigit Beumers and Eugénie Zvonkine, 1–11. London: Routledge.</li>

<li>Bordwell, David. 1972. "The Idea of Montage in Soviet Art and Film." Cinema Journal 11 (2): 9–17.</li>

<li>Boym, Svetlana. 1995. "Post-Soviet Cinematic Nostalgia: From "Elite Cinema" to Soap Opera." Discourse 17 (3): 75-84.</li>

<li>Brashinski, Michael, and Andrew Horton. 1996. "Russian Critics on the Cinema of Glasnost." Film Quarterly 49 (4): 58–59.</li>

<li>Britannica. 2020. Perestroika. https://www.britannica.com/topic/perestroika-Soviet-government-policy.</li>

<li>EEFB. 2020. Editorial. https://eefb.org/volumes/vol-109-november-2020/editorial-109/.</li>

<li>Gooding, John. 1992. "Perestroika as Revolution from within: An Interpretation." The Russian Review 51 (1): 36–57.</li>

<li>Hansgen, Sabine. 2019. "The Repetition of History." In Performance Cinema Sound Perspectives and Retrospectives in Central and Eastern Europe, by Alfrun Kliems, Tomas Glanc and Zornitza Kazalarska, 67–78.</li>

<li>Iles, Andrew. 2003. "Necrorealism: a Russian death experience." BMJ. 327.</li>

<li>Ioffe, Dennis, and Eugenie Zvonkine. 2014. Russian pathographical cinema: the films of Evgenii Iufit. https://lib.ugent.be/en/catalog/pug01:5782871.</li>

<li>Isakava, Volha. 2017. "Reality excess Chernukha cinema in the late 1980s." In Ruptures and Continuities in Soviet/Russian Cinema, by Brigit Beumers and Eugénie Zvonkine, 147–165. London: Routledge. https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/chernukha.</li>

<li>Kepley, Vance. 1996. "The First "Perestroika": Soviet Cinema under the First Five-Year Plan." Cinema Journal (University of Texas Press) 35 (4): 31-53 .</li>

<li>Komaromi, Ann. 2004. "The Material Existence of Soviet Samizdat." Slavic Review (Cambridge University Press) 63 (3): 597–618.</li>

<li>Law, Alma (1990). "Red Fish in America". Soviet and East European Performance. 10 (2): 41–42.</li>

<li>Moller, Olaf. 2007. "Return of the Living Dead." Film Comment 43 (1): 13–14.</li>

<li>Petrik, Gordei. 2020. Your Head in Your Hands. https://eefb.org/retrospectives/boris-yukhananovs-video-novel-the-mad-prince-sumashedshiy-prints-1986/.</li>

<li>Rojavin, Marina, and Tim Harte. 2021. "Introduction." In Soviet Films of the 1970s and Early 1980s Conformity and Non-Conformity Amidst Stagnation Decay, by Marina Rojavin and Tim Harte. London and New York: Routledge.</li>

<li>Rollberg, Peter. 2016. "The Dictionary." In Historical Dictionary of Russian and Soviet Cinema, by Peter Rollberg, 36–37. Rowman and Littlefield.</li>

<li>Shterianova, Magdalena. 2020. Interview with Boris Yukhananov. https://eefb.org/country/russia/interview-with-boris-yukhananov/.</li>

<li>VBS Staff. 2010. 'Bizarre' Russian film genre born of decades of creative suppression. http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/europe/04/13/vbs.russian.parallel.cinema/index.html.</li>

<li>VICE Staff. 2010. Russian Parallel Cinema. [https://www.vice.com/en/article/russian-parallel-cinema-part-1-of-3/ Vice.com].</li>

<li>Vinogradova, Maria. 2012. "Between the state and the kino: Amateur film workshops in the Soviet Union." Studies in European Cinema (Routledge) 8 (3): 211–225.</li>

<li>Vinogradova, Maria. 2016. "Scientists, punks, engineers and gurus: Soviet experimental film culture in the 1960s–1980s." Studies in Eastern European Cinema 7 (1): 39–52.</li>

<li>Westwell, Guy, and Annette Kuhn. 2020. A Dictionary of Film Studies$ A Dictionary of Film Studies. https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198832096.001.0001/acref-9780198832096-e-0476.</li>

<li>Yukhananov, Boris. 1989. Fatal Montage. February . https://borisyukhananov.com/archive/item.htm?id=12532.</li>

<li>Yukhananov, Boris. 2017. "Perestroika and Parallel Cinema." In Ruptures and Continuities in Soviet/Russian Cinema, by Boris Yukhananov and Brigit Beumers. Routledge.</li>

<li>Yurchak, Alexei. 2008. "Suspending the Political: Late Soviet Artistic Experiments on the Margins of the State." Poetics Today 29 (4): 713–733.</li></ol>

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</style><div id="Film_genres257" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Film" title="Film">Film</a> <a href="Film_genre" title="Film genre">genres</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By style</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Action_film" title="Action film">Action</a>

<ul><li><a href="Heroic_bloodshed" title="Heroic bloodshed">Heroic bloodshed</a></li>

<li><a href="Hong_Kong_action_cinema" title="Hong Kong action cinema">Hong Kong action</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Adventure_film" title="Adventure film">Adventure</a></li>

<li><a href="Biographical_film" title="Biographical film">Biographical</a></li>

<li><a href="Comedy_film" title="Comedy film">Comedy</a>

<ul><li><a href="Action_comedy" title="Action comedy">Action</a></li>

<li><a href="Black_comedy" title="Black comedy">Black</a></li>

<li><a href="Commedia_all'italiana" title="Commedia all'italiana">Commedia all'italiana</a>

<li><a href="Comedy_drama" title="Comedy drama">Dramedy</a></li>

<li><a href="Gross_out" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross out">Gross out</a></li>

<li><a href="Comedy_horror" title="Comedy horror">Horror</a></li>

<li><a href="Parody_film" title="Parody film">Parody</a></li>

<li><a href="Comedy_of_remarriage" title="Comedy of remarriage">Remarriage</a></li>

<li><a href="Romantic_comedy" title="Romantic comedy">Romantic</a></li>

<li><a href="Screwball_comedy" title="Screwball comedy">Screwball</a></li>

<li><a href="Silent_comedy" title="Silent comedy">Silent</a></li>

<li><a href="Slapstick_film" title="Slapstick film">Slapstick</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Cyberpunk" title="Cyberpunk">Cyberpunk</a>

<ul><li><a href="Japanese_cyberpunk" title="Japanese cyberpunk">Japanese</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Documentary_film" title="Documentary film">Documentary</a>

<ul><li><a href="Animated_documentary" title="Animated documentary">Animated</a></li>

<li><a href="City_symphony" title="City symphony">City symphony</a></li>

<li><a href="Direct_cinema" title="Direct cinema">Direct cinema</a></li>

<li><a href="Docudrama" title="Docudrama">Docudrama</a></li>

<li><a href="Mockumentary" title="Mockumentary">Mockumentary</a></li>

<li><a href="Mondo_film" title="Mondo film">Mondo</a></li>

<li><a href="Pseudo-documentary" title="Pseudo-documentary">Pseudo</a></li>

<li><a href="Travel_documentary" title="Travel documentary">Travel</a></li>

<li><a href="Video_essay" title="Video essay">Video essay</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Drama_(film_and_television)" title="Drama (film and television)">Drama</a>

<ul><li><a href="Calligrafismo" title="Calligrafismo">Calligrafismo</a></li>

<li><a href="Comedy_drama" title="Comedy drama">Dramedy</a></li>

<li><a href="Historical_drama" title="Historical drama">Historical</a></li>

<li><a href="Legal_drama" title="Legal drama">Legal</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Sex_in_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex in film">Erotic</a>

<ul><li><a href="Cinema_of_Hong_Kong#Category_III_films" title="Cinema of Hong Kong">Category III films</a></li>

<li><a href="Commedia_sexy_all'italiana" title="Commedia sexy all'italiana">Commedia sexy all'italiana</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexploitation_film" title="Sexploitation film">Sexploitation</a></li>

<li><a href="Erotic_thriller" title="Erotic thriller">Thriller</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Educational_film" title="Educational film">Educational</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_guidance_film" title="Social guidance film">Social guidance</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Sword-and-sandal" title="Sword-and-sandal">Sword-and-sandal</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Experimental_film" title="Experimental film">Experimental</a></li>

<li><a href="Exploitation_film" title="Exploitation film">Exploitation</a>

<ul><li>see Exploitation film template</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Fantasy_film" title="Fantasy film">Fantasy</a>

<ul><li><a href="Fantasy_comedy" title="Fantasy comedy">Comedy</a></li>

<li><a href="Contemporary_fantasy" title="Contemporary fantasy">Contemporary</a></li>

<li><a href="Fantastique" title="Fantastique">Fantastique</a></li>

<li><a href="Historical_fantasy" title="Historical fantasy">Historical</a></li>

<li><a href="Magic_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic realism">Magic realism</a></li>

<li><a href="Science_fantasy" title="Science fantasy">Science</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Gothic_film" title="Gothic film">Gothic</a>

<ul><li><a href="Gothic_romance_film" title="Gothic romance film">Romance</a></li>

<li><a href="Southern_Gothic" title="Southern Gothic">Southern</a></li>

<li><a href="Gothic_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic science fiction">Space</a></li>

<li><a href="Suburban_Gothic" title="Suburban Gothic">Suburban</a></li>

<li><a href="Urban_Gothic" title="Urban Gothic">Urban</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Horror_film" title="Horror film">Horror</a>

<ul><li><a href="Art_horror" title="Art horror">Arthouse</a></li>

<li><a href="Black_horror" title="Black horror">Black</a></li>

<li><a href="Cannibal_film" title="Cannibal film">Cannibal</a></li>

<li><a href="Chinese_horror_film" title="Chinese horror film">Chinese horror</a></li>

<li><a href="Christmas_horror" title="Christmas horror">Christmas horror</a></li>

<li><a href="Comedy_horror" title="Comedy horror">Comedy</a></li>

<li><a href="Fantastique" title="Fantastique">Fantastique</a></li>

<li><a href="Found_footage_(film_technique)" title="Found footage (film technique)">Found footage</a></li>

<li><a href="German_underground_horror" title="German underground horror">German underground</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_ghost_films" title="List of ghost films">Ghost</a></li>

<li><a href="Giallo" title="Giallo">Giallo</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_giallo_films" title="List of giallo films">List of films</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="List_of_holiday_horror_films" title="List of holiday horror films">Holiday</a></li>

<li><a href="Japanese_horror" title="Japanese horror">Japanese horror</a></li>

<li><a href="Korean_horror" title="Korean horror">Korean horror</a></li>

<li><a href="Lovecraftian_horror" title="Lovecraftian horror">Lovecraftian</a></li>

<li><a href="Melodrama_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Melodrama film">Melodrama</a>

<ul><li><a href="Korean_melodrama" title="Korean melodrama">Korean</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="List_of_natural_horror_films" title="List of natural horror films">Natural</a></li>

<li><a href="New_Extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="New Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li>

<li><a href="Gender_in_horror_films" title="Gender in horror films">Psycho-biddy</a></li>

<li><a href="Psychological_horror" title="Psychological horror">Psychological</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_science_fiction_horror_films" title="List of science fiction horror films">Science fiction</a></li>

<li><a href="Slasher_film" title="Slasher film">Slasher</a></li>

<li><a href="Splatter_film" title="Splatter film">Splatter</a></li>

<li><a href="Satanic_film" title="Satanic film">Satanic</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Maximalist_film" title="Maximalist film">Maximalist film</a></li>

<li><a href="Minimalist_film" title="Minimalist film">Minimalist film</a></li>

<li><a href="Mumblecore" title="Mumblecore">Mumblecore</a></li>

<li><a href="Musical_film" title="Musical film">Musical</a>

<ul><li><a href="Arthouse_musical" title="Arthouse musical">Arthouse</a></li>

<li><a href="Backstage_musical" title="Backstage musical">Backstage</a></li>

<li><a href="Jukebox_musical" title="Jukebox musical">Jukebox</a></li>

<li><a href="Musicarello" title="Musicarello">Musicarello</a></li>

<li><a href="Operetta_film" title="Operetta film">Operetta</a></li>

<li><a href="Sceneggiata" title="Sceneggiata">Sceneggiata</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Mystery_film" title="Mystery film">Mystery</a>

<ul><li><a href="Detective_fiction" title="Detective fiction">Detective</a>

<ul><li><a href="Occult_detective_fiction" title="Occult detective fiction">Occult detective</a></li>

<li><a href="Whodunit" title="Whodunit">Whodunit</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Giallo" title="Giallo">Giallo</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Crossover_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Crossover fiction">Crossover</a></li>

<li><a href="Pornographic_film" title="Pornographic film">Pornographic</a>

<ul><li><a href="Hardcore_pornography" title="Hardcore pornography">Hardcore pornography</a></li>

<li><a href="Softcore_pornography" title="Softcore pornography">Softcore pornography</a></li>

<li>(<a href="Malayalam_softcore_pornography" title="Malayalam softcore pornography">Malayalam</a>)</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Propaganda_film" title="Propaganda film">Propaganda</a></li>

<li><a href="Reality_film" title="Reality film">Reality</a></li>

<li><a href="Romance_film" title="Romance film">Romantic</a>

<ul><li><a href="Romantic_comedy" title="Romantic comedy">Comedy</a>

<ul><li><a href="Bromantic_comedy" title="Bromantic comedy">Bromantic</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Romantic_fantasy" title="Romantic fantasy">Fantasy</a></li>

<li><a href="Gothic_romance_film" title="Gothic romance film">Gothic</a></li>

<li><a href="Paranormal_romance" title="Paranormal romance">Paranormal</a></li>

<li><a href="Romantic_thriller" title="Romantic thriller">Thriller</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Science_fiction_film" title="Science fiction film">Science fiction</a>

<li><a href="Science_fiction_comedy" title="Science fiction comedy">Comedy</a></li>

<li><a href="Fantastique" title="Fantastique">Fantastique</a></li>

<li><a href="Science_fantasy" title="Science fantasy">Fantasy</a></li>

<li><a href="Gothic_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic science fiction">Gothic</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_science_fiction_horror_films" title="List of science fiction horror films">Horror</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_science_fiction" title="Military science fiction">Military</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_opera" title="Space opera">Space opera</a></li>

<li><a href="Steampunk" title="Steampunk">Steampunk</a></li>

<li><a href="Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Tokusatsu</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_Western" title="Space Western">Western</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Slice_of_life" title="Slice of life">Slice of life</a>

<ul><li><a href="Iyashikei" title="Iyashikei">Iyashikei</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Slow_cinema" title="Slow cinema">Slow cinema</a></li>

<li><a href="Survival_film" title="Survival film">Survival</a></li>

<li><a href="Thriller_film" title="Thriller film">Thriller</a>

<ul><li><a href="Comedy_thriller" title="Comedy thriller">Comedy</a></li>

<li><a href="Erotic_thriller" title="Erotic thriller">Erotic</a></li>

<li><a href="Financial_thriller" title="Financial thriller">Financial</a></li>

<li><a href="Giallo" title="Giallo">Giallo</a></li>

<li><a href="Legal_thriller" title="Legal thriller">Legal</a></li>

<li><a href="New_Extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="New Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li>

<li><a href="Political_thriller" title="Political thriller">Political</a></li>

<li><a href="Psychological_thriller" title="Psychological thriller">Psychological</a></li>

<li><a href="Romantic_thriller" title="Romantic thriller">Romantic</a></li>

<li><a href="Techno-thriller" title="Techno-thriller">Techno</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Transgressive_art" title="Transgressive art">Transgressive</a>

<ul><li><a href="Cinema_of_Transgression" title="Cinema of Transgression">Cinema of Transgression</a></li>

<li><a href="Extreme_cinema" title="Extreme cinema">Extreme cinema</a></li>

<li><a href="New_Extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="New Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Trick_film" title="Trick film">Trick</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By theme</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_films_about_animals" title="List of films about animals">Animals</a></li>

<li><a href="Beach_party_film" title="Beach party film">Beach party</a></li>

<li><a href="Buddy_film" title="Buddy film">Buddy</a>

<ul><li><a href="Buddy_cop" title="Buddy cop">Buddy cop</a></li>

<li><a href="Female_buddy_film" title="Female buddy film">Female</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Cabrito_western" title="Cabrito western">Cabrito</a></li>

<li><a href="Cannibal_film" title="Cannibal film">Cannibal</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Chicano_films" title="List of Chicano films">Chicano</a></li>

<li><a href="Colonial_cinema" title="Colonial cinema">Colonial</a></li>

<li><a href="Coming-of-age_story" title="Coming-of-age story">Coming-of-age</a></li>

<li><a href="Concert_film" title="Concert film">Concert</a></li>

<li><a href="Crime_film" title="Crime film">Crime</a>

<ul><li><a href="Detective_fiction" title="Detective fiction">Detective</a></li>

<li><a href="Gangster_film" title="Gangster film">Gangster</a></li>

<li><a href="Gentleman_thief" title="Gentleman thief">Gentleman thief</a></li>

<li><a href="Gokud%C5%8D" title="Gokudō">Gokudō</a></li>

<li><a href="Heist_film" title="Heist film">Heist</a></li>

<li><a href="Heroic_bloodshed" title="Heroic bloodshed">Heroic bloodshed</a></li>

<li><a href="Mafia_film" title="Mafia film">Mafia</a></li>

<li><a href="Mafia_comedy_film" title="Mafia comedy film">Mafia comedy</a></li>

<li><a href="Mumbai_underworld_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Mumbai underworld film">Mumbai underworld</a></li>

<li><a href="Poliziotteschi" title="Poliziotteschi">Poliziotteschi</a></li>

<li><a href="Yakuza_film" title="Yakuza film">Yakuza</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Cute_Girls_Doing_Cute_Things" title="Cute Girls Doing Cute Things">Cute Girls Doing Cute Things</a></li>

<li><a href="Dance_in_film" title="Dance in film">Dance</a></li>

<li><a href="Disaster_film" title="Disaster film">Disaster</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_apocalyptic_films" title="List of apocalyptic films">Apocalyptic</a></li></ul></li>

<ul><li><a href="Psychedelic_film" title="Psychedelic film">Psychedelic</a></li>

<li><a href="Stoner_film" title="Stoner film">Stoner</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="List_of_dystopian_films" title="List of dystopian films">Dystopian</a></li>

<li><a href="Ecchi" title="Ecchi">Ecchi</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethnographic_film" title="Ethnographic film">Ethnographic</a></li>

<li><a href="Exploitation_film" title="Exploitation film">Exploitation</a>

<ul><li><a href="Blaxploitation" title="Blaxploitation">Blaxploitation</a></li>

<li><a href="Mexploitation" title="Mexploitation">Mexploitation</a></li>

<li><a href="Turksploitation" title="Turksploitation">Turksploitation</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="List_of_films_featuring_extraterrestrials" title="List of films featuring extraterrestrials">Extraterrestrial</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_films_about_food_and_drink" title="List of films about food and drink">Food and drink</a></li>

<li><a href="Gendai-geki" title="Gendai-geki">Gendai-geki</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_ghost_films" title="List of ghost films">Ghost</a></li>

<li><a href="Goona-goona_epic" title="Goona-goona epic">Goona-goona epic</a></li>

<li><a href="Gothic_film" title="Gothic film">Gothic</a>

<ul><li><a href="Gothic_romance_film" title="Gothic romance film">Romance</a></li>

<li><a href="Gothic_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic science fiction">Space</a></li>

<li><a href="Suburban_Gothic" title="Suburban Gothic">Suburban</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Girls_with_guns" title="Girls with guns">Girls with guns</a></li>

<li><a href="Harem_(genre)" title="Harem (genre)">Harem</a></li>

<li><a href="Hentai" title="Hentai">Hentai</a>

<ul><li><a href="Lolicon" title="Lolicon">Lolicon</a></li>

<li><a href="Shotacon" title="Shotacon">Shotacon</a></li>

<li><a href="Tentacle_erotica" title="Tentacle erotica">Tentacle erotica</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Heimatfilm" title="Heimatfilm">Homeland</a></li>

<li><a href="Isekai" title="Isekai">Isekai</a></li>

<li><a href="Jidaigeki" title="Jidaigeki">Jidaigeki</a>

<ul><li><a href="Samurai_cinema" title="Samurai cinema">Samurai</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Gentleman_thief" title="Gentleman thief">Kaitō</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_LGBTQ-related_films" title="List of LGBTQ-related films">LGBTQ</a>

<li><a href="Luchador_films" title="Luchador films">Luchador</a></li>

<li><a href="Magical_girl" title="Magical girl">Magical girl</a></li>

<li><a href="Martial_arts_film" title="Martial arts film">Martial arts</a>

<ul><li><a href="Bruceploitation" title="Bruceploitation">Bruceploitation</a></li>

<li><a href="Chopsocky" title="Chopsocky">Chopsocky</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_ninja_films" title="List of ninja films">Ninja</a></li>

<li><a href="Wuxia" title="Wuxia">Wuxia</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Mecha" title="Mecha">Mecha</a>

<ul><li><a href="Mecha_anime_and_manga" title="Mecha anime and manga">Anime</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Monster_movie" title="Monster movie">Monster</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_films_featuring_giant_monsters" title="List of films featuring giant monsters">Giant monster</a></li>

<li><a href="Kaiju" title="Kaiju">Kaiju</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_mummy_films" title="List of mummy films">Mummy</a></li>

<li><a href="Vampire_film" title="Vampire film">Vampire</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_zombie_films" title="List of zombie films">Zombie</a>

<ul><li><a href="Zombie_comedy" title="Zombie comedy">Zombie comedy</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Mountain_film" title="Mountain film">Mountain</a></li>

<li><a href="Cinema_da_Boca_do_Lixo" title="Cinema da Boca do Lixo">Mouth of Garbage</a></li>

<li><a href="Muslim_social" title="Muslim social">Muslim social</a></li>

<li><a href="Nature_documentary" title="Nature documentary">Nature</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_environmental_films" title="List of environmental films">Environmental issues</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Opera_film" title="Opera film">Opera</a></li>

<li><a href="Outlaw_biker_film" title="Outlaw biker film">Outlaw biker</a></li>

<li><a href="Ozploitation" title="Ozploitation">Ozploitation</a></li>

<li><a href="Partisan_film" title="Partisan film">Partisan film</a></li>

<li><a href="Prison_film" title="Prison film">Prison</a>

<ul><li><a href="Women_in_prison_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in prison film">Women</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Rape_and_revenge_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Rape and revenge film">Rape and revenge</a></li>

<li><a href="Rubble_film" title="Rubble film">Rubble</a></li>

<li><a href="Rumberas_film" title="Rumberas film">Rumberas</a></li>

<li><a href="Sageuk" title="Sageuk">Sageuk</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexploitation_film" title="Sexploitation film">Sexploitation</a>

<ul><li><a href="Bavarian_porn" title="Bavarian porn">Bavarian porn</a></li>

<li><a href="Commedia_sexy_all'italiana" title="Commedia sexy all'italiana">Commedia sexy all'italiana</a></li>

<li><a href="Mexican_sex_comedy" title="Mexican sex comedy">Mexican sex comedy</a></li>

<li><a href="Nazi_exploitation" title="Nazi exploitation">Nazi exploitation</a></li>

<li><a href="Pornochanchada" title="Pornochanchada">Pornochanchada</a></li>

<li><a href="Nunsploitation" title="Nunsploitation">Nunsploitation</a></li>

<li><a href="Sex_report_film" title="Sex report film">Sex report</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Shoshimin-eiga" title="Shoshimin-eiga">Shoshimin-eiga</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_films_featuring_slavery" title="List of films featuring slavery">Slavery</a></li>

<li><a href="Slice_of_life" title="Slice of life">Slice of life</a></li>

<li><a href="Snuff_film" title="Snuff film">Snuff</a></li>

<li><a href="South_Seas_genre" title="South Seas genre">South Seas</a></li>

<li><a href="Sports_film" title="Sports film">Sports</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Eurospy_film" title="Eurospy film">Eurospy</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Superhero_film" title="Superhero film">Superhero</a></li>

<li><a href="Surf_film" title="Surf film">Surfing</a></li>

<li><a href="Swashbuckler_film" title="Swashbuckler film">Swashbuckler</a></li>

<li><a href="Sword-and-sandal" title="Sword-and-sandal">Sword-and-sandal</a></li>

<li><a href="Sword_and_sorcery" title="Sword and sorcery">Sword and sorcery</a></li>

<li><a href="Travel_documentary" title="Travel documentary">Travel</a>

<ul><li><a href="Imaginary_voyage" title="Imaginary voyage">imaginary voyage</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Trial_film" title="Trial film">Trial</a></li>

<li><a href="Vigilante_film" title="Vigilante film">Vigilante</a></li>

<li><a href="Submarine_films" title="Submarine films">Submarine</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Western_film" title="Western film">Western</a>

<li><a href="Contemporary_Western" title="Contemporary Western">Contemporary Western</a></li>

<li><a href="Dacoit_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacoit Western">Dacoit Western</a></li>

<li><a href="Fantasy_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy Western">Fantasy</a></li>

<li><a href="Florida_Western" title="Florida Western">Florida</a></li>

<li><a href="Horror_Western" title="Horror Western">Horror</a></li>

<li><a href="Northern_(genre)" title="Northern (genre)">Northern</a></li>

<li><a href="Ostern" title="Ostern">Ostern</a></li>

<li><a href="Revisionist_Western" title="Revisionist Western">Revisionist</a></li>

<li><a href="Science_fiction_Western" title="Science fiction Western">Science fiction</a></li>

<li><a href="Singing_cowboy" title="Singing cowboy">Singing cowboy</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_Western" title="Space Western">Space</a></li>

<li><a href="Spaghetti_Western" title="Spaghetti Western">Spaghetti</a></li>

<li><a href="Weird_West" title="Weird West">Weird Western</a></li>

<li><a href="Zapata_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Zapata Western">Zapata Western</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By movement or period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Absolute_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Absolute film">Absolute</a></li>

<li><a href="American_eccentric_cinema" title="American eccentric cinema">American eccentric cinema</a></li>

<li><a href="Australian_New_Wave" title="Australian New Wave">Australian New Wave</a></li>

<li><a href="Auteur" title="Auteur">Auteur films</a></li>

<li><a href="Berlin_School_(filmmaking)" title="Berlin School (filmmaking)">Berlin School</a></li>

<li><a href="Bourekas_film" title="Bourekas film">Bourekas</a></li>

<li><a href="Brighton_School_(filmmaking)" title="Brighton School (filmmaking)">Brighton School</a></li>

<li><a href="British_New_Wave" title="British New Wave">British New Wave</a>

<ul><li><a href="Kitchen_sink_realism" title="Kitchen sink realism">Kitchen sink realism</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Budapest_school" title="Budapest school">Budapest school</a></li>

<li><a href="Calligrafismo" title="Calligrafismo">Calligrafismo</a></li>

<li><a href="Cannibal_film" title="Cannibal film">Cannibal boom</a></li>

<li><a href="Cin%C3%A9ma_du_look" title="Cinéma du look">Cinéma du look</a></li>

<li><a href="Cinema_Novo" title="Cinema Novo">Cinema Novo</a></li>

<li><a href="Cinema_of_moral_anxiety" title="Cinema of moral anxiety">Cinema of Moral Anxiety</a></li>

<li><a href="Cinema_of_Transgression" title="Cinema of Transgression">Cinema of Transgression</a></li>

<li><a href="Cin%C3%A9ma_pur" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinéma pur">Cinéma pur</a></li>

<li><a href="Commedia_all'italiana" title="Commedia all'italiana">Commedia all'italiana</a></li>

<li><a href="Czechoslovak_New_Wave" title="Czechoslovak New Wave">Czechoslovak New Wave</a></li>

<li><a href="Documentary_Film_Movement" title="Documentary Film Movement">Documentary Film Movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Dogme_95" title="Dogme 95">Dogme 95</a></li>

<li><a href="Erra_Cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Erra Cinema">Erra Cinema</a></li>

<li><a href="European_art_cinema" title="European art cinema">European art cinema</a></li>

<li><a href="Free_Cinema" title="Free Cinema">Free Cinema</a></li>

<li><a href="French_impressionist_cinema" title="French impressionist cinema">French Impressionist</a></li>

<li><a href="French_New_Wave" title="French New Wave">French New Wave</a></li>

<li><a href="German_expressionist_cinema" title="German expressionist cinema">German Expressionist</a></li>

<li><a href="German_underground_horror" title="German underground horror">German underground horror</a></li>

<li><a href="Golden_Age_of_Argentine_cinema" title="Golden Age of Argentine cinema">Golden Age of Argentine cinema</a></li>

<li><a href="Golden_Age_of_Mexican_Cinema" title="Golden Age of Mexican Cinema">Golden Age of Mexican Cinema</a></li>

<li><a href="Golden_Age_of_Nigerian_Cinema" title="Golden Age of Nigerian Cinema">Golden Age of Nigerian Cinema</a></li>

<li><a href="Grupo_Cine_Liberaci%C3%B3n" title="Grupo Cine Liberación">Grupo Cine Liberación</a></li>

<li><a href="Heimatfilm" title="Heimatfilm">Heimatfilm</a></li>

<li><a href="Hollywood_on_the_Tiber" title="Hollywood on the Tiber">Hollywood on the Tiber</a></li>

<li><a href="Indiewood" title="Indiewood">Indiewood</a></li>

<li><a href="Iranian_New_Wave" title="Iranian New Wave">Iranian New Wave</a></li>

<li><a href="Italian_futurism_in_cinema" title="Italian futurism in cinema">Italian futurist</a></li>

<li><a href="Italian_neorealism" title="Italian neorealism">Italian neorealist</a></li>

<li><a href="Japanese_New_Wave" title="Japanese New Wave">Japanese New Wave</a></li>

<li><a href="Kammerspielfilm" title="Kammerspielfilm">Kammerspielfilm</a></li>

<li><a href="L.A._Rebellion" title="L.A. Rebellion">L.A. Rebellion</a></li>

<li><a href="Lettrism" title="Lettrism">Lettrist</a></li>

<li><a href="Modernist_film" title="Modernist film">Modernist film</a></li>

<li><a href="Mumblecore" title="Mumblecore">Mumblecore</a></li>

<li><a href="Neorealism_(art)" title="Neorealism (art)">Neorealist</a></li>

<li><a href="New_Extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="New Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li>

<li><a href="New_German_Cinema" title="New German Cinema">New German</a></li>

<li><a href="New_generation_(Malayalam_film_movement)" title="New generation (Malayalam film movement)">New generation</a></li>

<li><a href="New_Hollywood" title="New Hollywood">New Hollywood</a></li>

<li><a href="New_Nigerian_Cinema" title="New Nigerian Cinema">New Nollywood</a></li>

<li><a href="New_Objectivity_(filmmaking)" title="New Objectivity (filmmaking)">New Objectivity</a></li>

<li><a href="New_queer_cinema" title="New queer cinema">New Queer</a></li>

<li><a href="Nuevo_Cine_Mexicano" title="Nuevo Cine Mexicano">Nuevo Cine Mexicano</a></li>

<li><a href="Pan-Indian_film" title="Pan-Indian film">Pan-Indian film</a></li>

<li><a href="Parallel_cinema" title="Parallel cinema">Parallel cinema</a></li>

<li><a href="Filmfarsi" title="Filmfarsi">Persian Film</a></li>

<li><a href="Philippine_New_Wave" title="Philippine New Wave">Philippine New Wave</a></li>

<li><a href="Poetic_realism" title="Poetic realism">Poetic realist</a></li>

<li><a href="Polish_Film_School" title="Polish Film School">Polish Film School</a></li>

<li><a href="Poliziotteschi" title="Poliziotteschi">Poliziotteschi</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Prague_film_school" title="The Prague film school">The Prague film school</a></li>

<li><a href="Prussian_film" title="Prussian film">Prussian film</a></li>

<li><a href="Pure_Film_Movement" title="Pure Film Movement">Pure Film Movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Remodernist_film" title="Remodernist film">Remodernist</a></li>

<li><a href="Romanian_New_Wave" title="Romanian New Wave">Romanian New Wave</a></li>

<li><a href="Slow_cinema" title="Slow cinema">Slow cinema</a></li>

<li><a href="Spaghetti_Western" title="Spaghetti Western">Spaghetti Western</a></li>

<li><a href="Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">Socialist realist</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_realism" title="Social realism">Social realist</a>

<ul><li><a href="Kitchen_sink_realism" title="Kitchen sink realism">Kitchen sink realism</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Structural_film" title="Structural film">Structural</a></li>

<li><a href="Surrealist_cinema" title="Surrealist cinema">Surrealist</a></li>

<li><a href="Sword-and-sandal" title="Sword-and-sandal">Sword-and-sandal</a></li>

<li><a href="Taiwan_New_Cinema" title="Taiwan New Cinema">Taiwan New Cinema</a></li>

<li><a href="Telefoni_Bianchi" title="Telefoni Bianchi">Telefoni Bianchi</a></li>

<li><a href="Third_Cinema" title="Third Cinema">Third Cinema</a></li>

<li><a href="Toronto_New_Wave" title="Toronto New Wave">Toronto New Wave</a></li>

<li><a href="Vulgar_auteurism" title="Vulgar auteurism">Vulgar auteurism</a></li>

<li><a href="Yugoslav_Black_Wave" title="Yugoslav Black Wave">Yugoslav Black Wave</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By demographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Pornographic_film" title="Pornographic film">Adult</a></li>

<li><a href="Black_film" title="Black film">Black</a></li>

<li><a href="Children's_film" title="Children's film">Children and family</a>

<ul><li><a href="Children's_anime_and_manga" title="Children's anime and manga">Anime</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Men

<ul><li><a href="Seinen_manga" title="Seinen manga">Seinen</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Sh%C5%8Dnen_manga" title="Shōnen manga">Shōnen</a></li>

<li><a href="Sh%C5%8Djo_manga" title="Shōjo manga">Shōjo</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Woman's_film" title="Woman's film">Women</a>

<ul><li><a href="Chick_flick" title="Chick flick">Chick flick</a></li>

<li><a href="Josei_manga" title="Josei manga">Josei</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By format, technique, approach, or production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Actuality_film" title="Actuality film">Actuality</a></li>

<li><a href="Animation" title="Animation">Animation</a>

<ul><li><a href="Anime" title="Anime">Anime</a></li>

<li><a href="Animated_cartoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Animated cartoon">Cartoon</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_animation" title="Computer animation">Computer</a></li>

<li><a href="Stop_motion" title="Stop motion">Stop-motion</a></li>

<li><a href="Traditional_animation" title="Traditional animation">Traditional</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Anthology_film" title="Anthology film">Anthology</a></li>

<li><a href="B_movie" title="B movie">B movie</a></li>

<li><a href="Behind-the-scenes" title="Behind-the-scenes">Behind-the-scenes</a></li>

<li><a href="Black-and-white" class="mw-redirect" title="Black-and-white">Black-and-white</a></li>

<li><a href="Blockbuster_(entertainment)" title="Blockbuster (entertainment)">Blockbuster</a></li>

<li><a href="Cin%C3%A9ma_v%C3%A9rit%C3%A9" title="Cinéma vérité">Cinéma vérité</a></li>

<li><a href="Classical_Hollywood_cinema" title="Classical Hollywood cinema">Classical Hollywood cinema</a></li>

<li><a href="Collage_film" title="Collage film">Collage</a></li>

<li><a href="Color_motion_picture_film" title="Color motion picture film">Color</a></li>

<li><a href="Compilation_film" title="Compilation film">Compilation</a></li>

<li><a href="Composite_film" title="Composite film">Composite</a></li>

<li><a href="Screenlife" title="Screenlife">Computer screen</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Midnight_movie" title="Midnight movie">midnight movie</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Database_cinema" title="Database cinema">Database cinema</a></li>

<li><a href="Direct-to-video" title="Direct-to-video">Direct-to-video</a>

<li><a href="Docufiction" title="Docufiction">Docufiction</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethnofiction" title="Ethnofiction">Ethnofiction</a></li>

<li><a href="Experimental_film" title="Experimental film">Experimental</a>

<ul><li><a href="Abstract_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="Abstract animation">Abstract</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Feature_film" title="Feature film">Feature</a></li>

<li><a href="Featurette" title="Featurette">Featurette</a></li>

<li><a href="Found_footage_(film_technique)" title="Found footage (film technique)">Found footage</a></li>

<li><a href="High_concept" title="High concept">High concept</a></li>

<li><a href="Hyperlink_cinema" title="Hyperlink cinema">Hyperlink cinema</a></li>

<li><a href="Independent_film" title="Independent film">Independent</a>

<ul><li><a href="Guerrilla_filmmaking" title="Guerrilla filmmaking">Guerrilla filmmaking</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_American_independent_films" title="List of American independent films">List of American independent films</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Interstitial_art" title="Interstitial art">Interstitial art</a></li>

<li><a href="Live_action" title="Live action">Live action</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_films_with_live_action_and_animation" title="List of films with live action and animation">animation</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Low-budget_film" title="Low-budget film">Low-budget</a></li>

<li><a href="Major_film_studios" title="Major film studios">Major film studios</a></li>

<li><a href="Masala_film" title="Masala film">Masala</a></li>

<li><a href="Maximalist_film" title="Maximalist film">Maximalist film</a></li>

<li><a href="Message_picture" title="Message picture">Message picture</a></li>

<li><a href="Minimalist_film" title="Minimalist film">Minimalist film</a></li>

<li><a href="Mockbuster" title="Mockbuster">Mockbuster</a></li>

<li><a href="Modernist_film" title="Modernist film">Modernist film</a></li>

<li><a href="Musical_short" title="Musical short">Musical short</a></li>

<li><a href="Mythopoeia" title="Mythopoeia">Mythopoeia</a></li>

<li><a href="Neorealism_(art)" title="Neorealism (art)">Neorealist</a></li>

<li><a href="No-budget_film" title="No-budget film">No-budget</a></li>

<li><a href="Paracinema" title="Paracinema">Paracinema</a></li>

<li><a href="Participatory_cinema" title="Participatory cinema">Participatory</a></li>

<li><a href="Poetry_film" title="Poetry film">Poetry</a></li>

<li><a href="Postmodernist_film" title="Postmodernist film">Postmodernist</a></li>

<li><a href="Reverse_motion" title="Reverse motion">Reverse motion</a></li>

<li><a href="Satire_(film_and_television)" title="Satire (film and television)">Satire</a></li>

<li><a href="Sceneggiata" title="Sceneggiata">Sceneggiata</a></li>

<li><a href="Semidocumentary" title="Semidocumentary">Semidocumentary</a></li>

<li><a href="Serial_film" title="Serial film">Serial</a></li>

<li><a href="Shinpa" title="Shinpa">Shinpa</a></li>

<li><a href="Short_film" title="Short film">Short</a></li>

<li><a href="Silent_film" title="Silent film">Silent</a></li>

<li><a href="Slow_cinema" title="Slow cinema">Slow cinema</a></li>

<li><a href="Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">Socialist realist</a></li>

<li><a href="Sound_film" title="Sound film">Sound</a></li>

<li><a href="Television_film" title="Television film">Television film</a></li>

<li><a href="Underground_film" title="Underground film">Underground</a></li>

<li><a href="Video_nasty" title="Video nasty">Video nasty</a></li>

<li><a href="Vulgar_auteurism" title="Vulgar auteurism">Vulgar auteurism</a></li>

<li><a href="Z_movie" title="Z movie">Z movie</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li> Category</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cinema_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1917–1991)806" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Cinema_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1917–1991)806" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Cinema_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Cinema of the Soviet Union">Cinema of the Soviet Union (1917–1991)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>

<ul><li>Films (A–Z)</li>

<li>Animation</li>

<li>Festivals</li>

<li>Studios</li>

<li>Actors</li>

<li>Cinematographers</li>

<li>Composers</li>

<li>Directors</li>

<li>Editors</li>

<li>Production designers</li>

<li>Screenwriters</li>

</ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 2px 0 0"><div></div></td><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<dl><dt><a href="Lists_of_Soviet_films" title="Lists of Soviet films">Films by year</a></dt>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>

<ul><li><a href="Cinema_of_the_Russian_Empire" title="Cinema of the Russian Empire">Cinema of the Russian Empire (before 1917)</a></li>

<li><a href="Cinema_of_Russia" title="Cinema of Russia">Cinema of Russia (from 1992)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Europe117" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History_of_Europe117" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="History_of_Europe" title="History of Europe">History of Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Prehistoric_Europe" title="Prehistoric Europe">Prehistory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Paleolithic_Europe" title="Paleolithic Europe">Paleolithic Europe</a></li>

<li><a href="Neolithic_Europe" title="Neolithic Europe">Neolithic Europe</a></li>

<li><a href="Bronze_Age_Europe" title="Bronze Age Europe">Bronze Age Europe</a></li>

<li><a href="Iron_Age_Europe" title="Iron Age Europe">Iron Age Europe</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical antiquity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical Greece</a></li>

<li><a href="Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a></li>

<li><a href="Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a></li>

<li><a href="Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></li>

<li><a href="Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a>

<ul><li><a href="Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Christianity in late antiquity</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">Crisis of the Third Century</a></li>

<li><a href="Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">Fall of the Western Roman Empire</a></li>

<li><a href="Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></li>

<li><a href="Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a></li>

<li><a href="Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Christianity in the Middle Ages</a>

<ul><li><a href="Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianization</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Francia" title="Francia">Francia</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="History of Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon England</a></li>

<li><a href="Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></li>

<li><a href="Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li>

<li>Bulgarian Empire

<ul><li><a href="First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First</a></li>

<li><a href="Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Maritime_republics" title="Maritime republics">Maritime republics</a>

<ul><li><a href="Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a></li>

<li><a href="Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a></li>

<li><a href="Duchy_of_Amalfi" title="Duchy of Amalfi">Amalfi</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a></li>

<li><a href="Kievan_Rus'" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li>

<li><a href="Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a> (<a href="Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Aragon</a>, <a href="Principality_of_Catalonia" title="Principality of Catalonia">Catalonia</a>, <a href="Kingdom_of_Valencia" title="Kingdom of Valencia">Valencia</a>, <a href="Kingdom_of_Majorca" title="Kingdom of Majorca">Majorca</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></li>

<li><a href="High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a></li>

<li><a href="Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Republic of Florence</a></li>

<li><a href="Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li>

<li><a href="Mongol_invasion_of_Europe" title="Mongol invasion of Europe">Mongol invasion</a></li>

<li><a href="Serbian_Empire" title="Serbian Empire">Serbian Empire</a></li>

<li><a href="Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a></li>

<li><a href="Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a></li>

<li><a href="Hundred_Years'_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a></li>

<li><a href="Kalmar_Union" title="Kalmar Union">Kalmar Union</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Modern_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern period">Modern period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a></li>

<li><a href="Early_modern_Europe" title="Early modern Europe">Early modern</a></li>

<li><a href="Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Christianity in the modern era</a>

<ul><li><a href="Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li>

<li><a href="Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a></li>

<li><a href="Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a></li>

<li><a href="Thirty_Years'_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li>

<li><a href="Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute monarchy</a></li>

<li><a href="Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li>

<li><a href="Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a></li>

<li><a href="Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a></li>

<li><a href="Early_modern_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Early modern France">Early modern France</a></li>

<li><a href="Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a></li>

<li><a href="Cossack_Hetmanate" title="Cossack Hetmanate">Cossack Hetmanate</a></li>

<li><a href="Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Swedish Empire</a></li>

<li><a href="Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a></li>

<li><a href="British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></li>

<li><a href="Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a></li>

<li><a href="Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li>

<li><a href="Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li>

<li><a href="Great_Divergence" title="Great Divergence">Great Divergence</a></li>

<li><a href="Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a></li>

<li><a href="French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li>

<li><a href="Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a></li>

<li><a href="Rise_of_nationalism_in_Europe" title="Rise of nationalism in Europe">Nationalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a></li>

<li><a href="World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li>

<li><a href="Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li>

<li><a href="Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">Interwar period</a></li>

<li><a href="World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li>

<li><a href="European_integration" title="European integration">European integration</a></li>

<li><a href="Euro_area_crisis" title="Euro area crisis">Euro area crisis</a></li>

<li><a href="COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Europe">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li>

<li><a href="Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Art_of_Europe" title="Art of Europe">Art of Europe</a></li>

<li><a href="Bibliography_of_European_history" title="Bibliography of European history">Bibliography of European history</a></li>

<li><a href="Genetic_history_of_Europe" title="Genetic history of Europe">Genetic history of Europe</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History of Christianity</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_the_Mediterranean_region" title="History of the Mediterranean region">History of the Mediterranean region</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_the_European_Union" title="History of the European Union">History of the European Union</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_Western_civilization" title="History of Western civilization">History of Western civilization</a></li>

<li><a href="Maritime_history_of_Europe" title="Maritime history of Europe">Maritime history of Europe</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_history_of_Europe" title="Military history of Europe">Military history of Europe</a></li>

<li><a href="Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-16" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Soviet_parallel_cinema&oldid=1300723557">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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